Reference notes across four periods — Ancient, Medieval, Modern and World — with the emphasis on evidence and argument rather than dates alone.
From the Indus cities to the classical empires — the period where the evidence is thinnest and the argument is therefore sharpest.
Post-Gupta fragmentation, the regional kingdoms, the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal state — the period where the historiographical debates are liveliest.
Colonial consolidation, the economic transformation it produced, and the movement that ended it.
Revolutions, industrialisation, empire and the two wars — read comparatively rather than country by country.